![]() Mechanical complications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy include oro- or nasopharyngeal, vocal cord, and airway trauma as well as bronchospasm, laryngospasm, pulmonary derecruitment/atelectasis, pneumothorax, airway hemorrhage, and introduction or exacerbation of infection. We discuss complications of both flexible and rigid bronchoscopy, categorizing them as mechanical or systemic for improved clarity. These terms are often nebulous and vary across individuals and institutions. Traditionally, complications of bronchoscopy were labeled minor, major/severe, or fatal. More recent advances include stent placement for relief of airway compression, laser applications (tumor resection), curtailing hemorrhage (using cryocoagulation/cryotherapy), assisting in the placement of percutaneous tracheostomies, and securing the airway through facilitation of endotracheal tube placement. Bronchoscopy has become an important tool not only for visualizing abnormalities, but also for biopsy/tissue sampling, removal of secretions, mucous plugs, clots, and foreign bodies. Flexible or fiberoptic bronchoscopy, allows for excellent visualization of the airway lumen and luminal surface including segmental and subsegmental bronchi with a relatively less traumatic instrument rigid bronchoscopy enables more therapeutic options but is limited to the trachea and main bronchi unless combined with a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Bronchoscopy, both fiberoptic and rigid, encompasses a number of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to visualize the luminal surface of the trachea and proximal airways. Since the invention of the rigid bronchoscope in 1897 by Gustav Killian, along with its refinement by Chevalier Jackson in the early 20 th century, and Shigeto Ikeda's introduction of the flexible bronchoscope in 1967 these instruments have become important clinical assets in the armamentarium of surgeons, intensivists, and pulmonologists. Endoscopic techniques that allow visualization of the airways of patients with pulmonary maladies have become a mainstay of medical treatment.
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